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Biomedical applications that require intelligent polymeric actuators include biosensors, intelligent and/or triggerable drug delivery systems, closed-loop devices that respond to physiological stimuli with therapeutic intervention, and scaffolds for biological machinery. Biomedical actuators convert biological stimuli into useful outputs. Here, we define an ‘actuator’ as a control system component that converts a stimulus into an output. By ‘communication’, we refer to the ability of a material to act as an intelligent actuator – integrating biological stimuli and transducing a response (i.e. The composition and supramolecular assembly of material components drives the sensitivity and physical nature of a response.Ī major research goal is to engineer new formulations and chemical architectures of polymeric or biohybrid material that ‘communicate’ with their surrounding environment. temperature, pH, ionic strength, thermodynamic compatibility of the solvent, nature of co-analyte) or specific (e.g. These environmental interactions can be general (e.g. Research on formulating precise chemical architectures that recognize target molecules or ions from an ensemble of closely related entities in the surrounding environment has resulted in new classes of intelligent polymers for numerous applications. Recent advances in the rational design and synthesis of intelligent materials, especially polymers, for medical, biological and other applications have led to systems that are uniquely capable of responding to a dynamic surrounding environment such as a biological or physiological fluid. Rationale and Relevant Definitions for Bioinspired Actuators and Biomimetic Devices We conclude with an account of contemporary material-tissue interfaces within bioinspired and biomimetic devices for peptide delivery, cancer theranostics, biomonitoring, neuroprosthetics, soft robotics, and biological machines.ġ.1. Strategies for fabricating highly ordered assemblies of material components at the nano to macro-scales via directed assembly, lithography, 3D printing and 4D printing are also presented. In a bottom-up analysis, we begin by reviewing fundamental principles that explain materials’ responses to chemical gradients, biomarkers, electromagnetic fields, light, and temperature. This review is a comprehensive evaluation and critical analysis of the design and fabrication of environmentally responsive cell-material constructs for bioinspired machinery and biomimetic devices. Similar to the body’s regulatory mechanisms, such devices must transduce changes in the physiological environment or the presence of an external stimulus into a detectable or therapeutic response. One of the goals of biomaterials science is to reverse engineer aspects of human and nonhuman physiology.